{"id":1632,"date":"2026-02-08T10:27:48","date_gmt":"2026-02-08T10:27:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ia-education.be\/?page_id=1632"},"modified":"2026-02-23T19:48:30","modified_gmt":"2026-02-23T19:48:30","slug":"glossaire","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ia-education.be\/?page_id=1632","title":{"rendered":"Glossaire"},"content":{"rendered":"

Glossaire<\/h1><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

A<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Agent IA<\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Un agent IA est un syst\u00e8me reposant sur un LLM capable d\u2019aller au-del\u00e0 du simple dialogue. \u00c0 partir d\u2019un prompt initial, il peut planifier plusieurs \u00e9tapes, organiser des actions et mobiliser diff\u00e9rents outils pour accomplir une t\u00e2che. Il poss\u00e8de un degr\u00e9 d\u2019autonomie sup\u00e9rieur au chatbot ou au Gem.<\/p>\n

Exemple : <\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

Un agent re\u00e7oit la consigne \u00ab Analyse cette copie et propose un plan de rem\u00e9diation personnalis\u00e9 \u00bb, puis il examine le document, identifie les erreurs et g\u00e9n\u00e8re un programme d\u2019entra\u00eenement structur\u00e9.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Algorithme<\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Suite d\u2019instructions permettant de r\u00e9soudre un probl\u00e8me ou de produire un r\u00e9sultat.<\/p>\n

Exemple :<\/u><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

L\u2019algorithme qui trie les r\u00e9sultats d\u2019une recherche Google.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

B<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Biais<\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Un biais en intelligence artificielle est une distorsion syst\u00e9matique dans les r\u00e9ponses ou d\u00e9cisions produites par un syst\u00e8me d\u2019IA.<\/p>\n

Il appara\u00eet lorsque les donn\u00e9es d\u2019entra\u00eenement ou la conception du mod\u00e8le refl\u00e8tent des d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibres, des st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes ou des omissions.<\/p>\n

L\u2019IA reproduit alors ces tendances au lieu d\u2019adopter une position neutre.<\/p>\n

Exemple : <\/u><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Si un g\u00e9n\u00e9rateur d\u2019images cr\u00e9e majoritairement des hommes lorsqu\u2019on demande \u00ab un scientifique \u00bb, cela r\u00e9v\u00e8le un biais li\u00e9 aux repr\u00e9sentations dominantes pr\u00e9sentes dans ses donn\u00e9es d\u2019apprentissage.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

C<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>
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Chatbot<\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Un chatbot est une interface conversationnelle qui utilise un syst\u00e8me d\u2019IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative pour dialoguer avec un utilisateur. Il r\u00e9pond aux prompts dans un \u00e9change interactif, sans autonomie propre : il attend une demande pour produire une r\u00e9ponse. Son r\u00f4le principal est l\u2019interaction et l\u2019accompagnement ponctuel.<\/p>\n

Exemple <\/u><\/b>: <\/p>\n

Un \u00e9l\u00e8ve demande \u00ab Explique-moi le th\u00e9or\u00e8me de Pythagore simplement \u00bb et le chatbot g\u00e9n\u00e8re une explication adapt\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

D<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>
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Donn\u00e9es<\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Informations (textes, images, sons, chiffres) utilis\u00e9es par l\u2019IA pour apprendre ou fonctionner.<\/p>\n

Exemple :<\/u><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Les textes disponibles sur Internet servant \u00e0 entra\u00eener un mod\u00e8le linguistique.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Donn\u00e9es d’entrainement<\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Ensemble d\u2019informations utilis\u00e9es pour apprendre \u00e0 un mod\u00e8le d\u2019IA \u00e0 reconna\u00eetre des mod\u00e8les.<\/p>\n

Exemple : <\/u><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Des milliers d\u2019images de chats pour apprendre \u00e0 reconna\u00eetre un chat.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

E<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Entrainement<\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Processus d\u2019apprentissage d\u2019un mod\u00e8le \u00e0 partir de donn\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

Exemple :<\/u><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Ajuster un mod\u00e8le en lui montrant des milliers d\u2019exemples.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

G<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Un Gem ou GPT personnalis\u00e9<\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Un Gem ou GPT personnalis\u00e9 est un chatbot configur\u00e9 pour remplir un r\u00f4le sp\u00e9cifique \u00e0 partir d\u2019un LLM. Il fonctionne toujours par prompts, mais ses r\u00e9ponses sont encadr\u00e9es par des consignes permanentes, un r\u00f4le d\u00e9fini ou des documents de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence. Il s\u2019agit d\u2019une IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e.<\/span><\/p>\n

Exemple : <\/p>\n

Un \u201cCorrecteur m\u00e9thodologique\u201d qui analyse une dissertation selon des crit\u00e8res pr\u00e9cis et propose des pistes d\u2019am\u00e9lioration.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

G\u00e9n\u00e9ration<\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Production automatique de contenu (texte, image, son, code).<\/p>\n

Exemple : <\/u><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Cr\u00e9ation d\u2019une image \u00e0 partir d\u2019une description \u00e9crite.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

H<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Hallucination<\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div>

R\u00e9ponse produite par une IA qui para\u00eet cr\u00e9dible et coh\u00e9rente, mais qui est en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 fausse, inexacte ou invent\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

Cela se produit lorsque le mod\u00e8le g\u00e9n\u00e8re une information plausible sans disposer de donn\u00e9es fiables pour la confirmer.<\/p>\n

Exemple :<\/u><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Un \u00e9l\u00e8ve demande la source d\u2019une citation et l\u2019IA invente un auteur, une date et un ouvrage qui n\u2019existent pas, tout en pr\u00e9sentant l\u2019information avec assurance.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

I<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative<\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Type d\u2019IA capable de cr\u00e9er du contenu original \u00e0 partir d\u2019instructions.<\/p>\n

Exemple :<\/i><\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

G\u00e9n\u00e9rer un po\u00e8me ou un logo \u00e0 partir d\u2019un prompt.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Intelligence artificielle<\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Syst\u00e8me informatique capable de r\u00e9aliser des t\u00e2ches qui n\u00e9cessitent normalement l\u2019intelligence humaine (comprendre, pr\u00e9dire, g\u00e9n\u00e9rer).<\/p>\n

Exemple : <\/u><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Un chatbot qui r\u00e9pond aux questions d\u2019un \u00e9l\u00e8ve.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

M<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Machine learning<\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div>

M\u00e9thode permettant \u00e0 une IA d\u2019apprendre \u00e0 partir des donn\u00e9es sans \u00eatre programm\u00e9e r\u00e8gle par r\u00e8gle.<\/p>\n

Exemple :<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

Un syst\u00e8me qui apprend \u00e0 reconna\u00eetre le spam dans les emails.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Mod\u00e8le<\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Programme entra\u00een\u00e9 \u00e0 partir de donn\u00e9es et capable de faire des pr\u00e9dictions ou g\u00e9n\u00e9rer du contenu.<\/p>\n

Exemple : <\/u><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Le mod\u00e8le derri\u00e8re ChatGPT.<\/span> <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

P<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Pr\u00e9diction<\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div>

R\u00e9sultat estim\u00e9 par un mod\u00e8le \u00e0 partir des donn\u00e9es analys\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

Exemple :<\/u><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Pr\u00e9dire si un \u00e9l\u00e8ve risque de d\u00e9crocher.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Prompt<\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Un prompt est l\u2019instruction formul\u00e9e par l\u2019utilisateur pour orienter la production d\u2019un syst\u00e8me d\u2019IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative bas\u00e9 sur un LLM. Il constitue l\u2019entr\u00e9e du mod\u00e8le : sans prompt, il n\u2019y a pas de r\u00e9ponse g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9e. La qualit\u00e9 et la pr\u00e9cision du prompt influencent directement la pertinence du r\u00e9sultat produit.<\/p>\n

Exemple :<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00ab R\u00e9sume ce texte en 10 lignes en conservant les notions essentielles. \u00bb<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

R<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

RGPD<\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div>

R\u00e8glement europ\u00e9en prot\u00e9geant les donn\u00e9es personnelles des citoyens.<\/p>\n

Exemple : <\/u><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Une \u00e9cole doit informer les parents si elle utilise une application IA collectant des donn\u00e9es \u00e9l\u00e8ves.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

S<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Syst\u00e8mes d\u2019IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative (LLM)<\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Les Syst\u00e8mes d\u2019IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative (LLM) sont des outils capables de produire du contenu \u00e0 partir d\u2019une instruction formul\u00e9e par un utilisateur, appel\u00e9e prompt. Le mod\u00e8le analyse cette consigne et g\u00e9n\u00e8re une r\u00e9ponse adapt\u00e9e au contexte. Il ne fonctionne donc qu\u2019en r\u00e9action \u00e0 une demande pr\u00e9cise.<\/p>\n

Exemple de prompt :<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00ab Explique-moi la photosynth\u00e8se avec un sch\u00e9ma simplifi\u00e9 et un exemple concret adapt\u00e9 \u00e0 un \u00e9l\u00e8ve de 14 ans. \u00bb<\/p>\n

Dans cet exemple, la phrase constitue la consigne donn\u00e9e au mod\u00e8le. La r\u00e9ponse produite ensuite (l\u2019explication et le sch\u00e9ma) est le r\u00e9sultat g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 par le LLM.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

V<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Validation<\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div>

V\u00e9rification de la performance d\u2019un mod\u00e8le sur de nouvelles donn\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

Exemple : <\/i><\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

Tester si l\u2019IA reconna\u00eet correctement des images qu\u2019elle n\u2019a jamais vues.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":20,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"100-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1632","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nGlossaire - P\u00e9dagogie & Intelligence artificielle<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ia-education.be\/?page_id=1632\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Glossaire - P\u00e9dagogie & Intelligence artificielle\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/ia-education.be\/?page_id=1632\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"P\u00e9dagogie & Intelligence artificielle\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-02-23T19:48:30+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ia-education.be\\\/?page_id=1632\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ia-education.be\\\/?page_id=1632\",\"name\":\"Glossaire - 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